Version Your App

Versioning is a critical component of your app upgrade and maintenance strategy. Versioning is important because:

• Users need to have specific information about the app version that is installed on their devices and the upgrade versions available for installation.
• Other apps — including other apps that you publish as a suite — need to query the system for your app's version, to determine compatibility and identify dependencies.
• Services through which you will publish your app(s) may also need to query your app for its version, so that they can display the version to users. A publishing service may also need to check the app version to determine compatibility and establish upgrade/downgrade relationships.

The Android system does not use app version information to enforce restrictions on upgrades, downgrades, or compatibility of third-party apps. Instead, you are responsible for enforcing version restrictions within your app or by informing users of the version restrictions and limitations. The Android system does, however, enforce system version compatibility as expressed by the minSdkVersion setting in the build files. This setting allows an app to specify the minimum system API with which it is compatible. For more information see Specifying Minimum System API Version.

Set Application Version Information

To define the version information for your app, set values for the version settings in the Gradle build files. These values are then merged into your app's manifest file during the build process.

Note: If your app defines the app version directly in the <manifest> element, the version values in the Gradle build file will override the settings in the manifest. Additionally, defining these settings in the Gradle build files allows you to specify different values for different versions of your app. For greater flexibility and to avoid potential overwriting when the manifest is merged, you should remove these attributes from the <manifest> element and define your version settings in the Gradle build files instead.

Two settings are available, and you should always define values for both of them:

• versionCode — An integer used as an internal version number. This number is used only to determine whether one version is more recent than another, with higher numbers indicating more recent versions. This is not the version number shown to users; that number is set by the versionName setting, below.

  The value is an integer so that other apps can programmatically evaluate it, for example to check an upgrade or downgrade relationship. You can set the value to any integer you want, however you should make sure that each successive release of your app uses a greater value. The system does not enforce this behavior, but increasing the value with successive releases is normative.

  Typically, you would release the first version of your app with versionCode set to 1, then monotonically increase the value with each release, regardless whether the release constitutes a major or minor release. This means that the versionCode value does not necessarily have a strong resemblance to the app release version that is visible to the user (see versionName, below). Apps and publishing services should not display this version value to users.

  Warning: The greatest value Google Play allows for versionCode is 2100000000.

• versionName — A string used as the version number shown to users. This setting can be specified as a raw string or as a reference to a string resource.

  The value is a string so that you can describe the app version as a <major>.<minor>.<point> string, or as any other type of absolute or relative version identifier. The versionName has no purpose other than to be displayed to users.

You can define default values for these settings by including them in the defaultConfig {} block, nested inside the android {} block of your module's build.gradle file. You can then override these default values for different versions of your app by defining separate values for individual build types or product flavors. The following build.gradle file shows the versionCode and versionName settings in the defaultConfig {} block, as well as the productFlavors {} block.

android {
  ...
  defaultConfig {
    ...
    versionCode 2
    versionName "1.1"
  }
  productFlavors {
    demo {
      ...
      versionName "1.1-demo"
    }
    full {
      ...
    }
  }
}

In the defaultConfig {} block of this example, the versionCode value indicates that the current APK contains the second release of the app, and the versionName string specifies that it will appear to users as version 1.1. This build.gradle file also defines two product flavors, "demo" and "full." Since the "demo" product flavor defines versionName as "1.1-demo", the "demo" build uses this versionName instead of the default value. The "full" product flavor block does not define versionName, so it uses the default value of "1.1".

The Android framework provides an API to let you query the system for version information about your app. To obtain version information, use the getPackageInfo(java.lang.String, int) method of PackageManager.

Note: When you use Instant Run, Android Studio automatically sets the versionCode to MAXINT and the versionName to "INSTANTRUN".

android {
  ...
  defaultConfig {
    ...
    versionCode 2
    versionName "1.1"
  }
  productFlavors {
    demo {
      ...
      versionName "1.1-demo"
    }
    full {
      ...
    }
  }
}

Specify API Level Requirements

If your app requires a specific minimum version of the Android platform, you can specify that version requirement as API level settings in the app's build.gradle file. During the build process, these settings are merged into your app's manifest file. Specifying API level requirements ensures that your app can only be installed on devices that are running a compatible version of the Android platform.

Note: If you specify API level requirements directly in your app's manifest file, the corresponding settings in the build files will override the settings in the manifest file. Additionally, defining these settings in the Gradle build files allows you to specify different values for different versions of your app. For greater flexibility and to avoid potential overwriting when the manifest is merged, you should remove these attributes from the <uses-sdk> element and define your API level settings in the Gradle build files instead.

There are two API level settings available:

• minSdkVersion — The minimum version of the Android platform on which the app will run, specified by the platform's API level identifier.
• targetSdkVersion — Specifies the API level on which the app is designed to run. In some cases, this allows the app to use manifest elements or behaviors defined in the target API level, rather than being restricted to using only those defined for the minimum API level.

To specify default API level requirements in a build.gradle file, add one or more of the settings above to the defaultConfig {} block, nested inside the android {} block. You can also override these default values for different versions of your app by adding the settings to build types or product flavors. The following build.gradle file specifies default minSdkVersion and targetSdkVersion settings in the defaultConfig {} block and overrides minSdkVersion for one product flavor.

android {
  ...
  defaultConfig {
    ...
    minSdkVersion 14
    targetSdkVersion 24
  }
  productFlavors {
    main {
      ...
    }
    afterLollipop {
      ...
      minSdkVersion 21
    }
  }
}

When preparing to install your app, the system checks the value of these settings and compares them to the system version. If the minSdkVersion value is greater than the system version, the system prevents the installation of the app.

If you do not specify these settings, the system assumes that your app is compatible with all platform versions.

For more information, see the <uses-sdk> manifest element documentation and the API Levels document. For Gradle build settings, see Configure Build Variants.

android {
  ...
  defaultConfig {
    ...
    minSdkVersion 14
    targetSdkVersion 24
  }
  productFlavors {
    main {
      ...
    }
    afterLollipop {
      ...
      minSdkVersion 21
    }
  }
}